Cancer Genetics Objectives

=Objectives=

List the types of genetics alterations in cancer

 * Small changes
 * Deletion
 * insertion
 * missense single nucleotide substitution
 * nonsense single nucleotide substitution
 * Chromosomal number changes
 * Aneuploidy
 * trisomy, eg Down's Syndrome
 * monosomy, eg Turner's
 * Polyploidy
 * Chromosomal tranlocations & inversions
 * Amplifications, eg, HER2 amplification
 * Exogenous sequences, eg, tumor viruses

Classes of genes involved in cancer

 * Gatekeeper genes; tumor suppressors like p53, RB
 * Caretaker genes; DNA mismatch repair genes like MSH, MYH1, TPDII
 * Cell proliferation pathway; receptor tyrosine kinase, MAP-kinase,
 * Regulators of mitotic cycle; cyclins, CDKs,
 * Cytoskeletal components involved in contact inhibition; E-cadherin
 * Components of the apoptotic pathway; BCL2 in lymphoma, diablo, inhibitor of apoptosis genes (IAPs)

=Cancer evolution=
 * 1) Normal Cell
 * 2) increased proliferation
 * 3) early neoplasia (dysplasia)
 * 4) adenoma
 * 5) progressive neoplasia
 * 6) carcinoma
 * 7) metastasis