Block 2 Exam

=Quiz= This quiz was student generated by med11. It is divided into 3 parts for ease of completing on the computer. A [[media:Block_2_Practice_Questions.doc|printable word document]] is available here.

Section 1
{Place the layers of the tubular Gastrointestinal tract in order from innermost to outermost. - mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, serosa - serosa, muscularis externa, mucosa, submucosa + mucosa, sub-mucosa, muscularis externa, serosa - serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa
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{The Meissner's plexus is located in the... - adventitia - muscularis externa - lamina propria + submucosa
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{In which of the following planes is skeletal muscle NOT found oriented in the tongue? -vertical -longitudinal + oblique -transverse -Skeletal muscle is found in all of the above planes
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{Taste buds can be found in all of the following papillae of the tongue except... + Filliform -Fungiform -Foliate -Vallate -All of the above
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{The capsule and septa surrounding the major salivary glands are made primarily of... -type II collagen and reticular fibers -Elastic Fibers + type I collagen and reticular fibers -type IV collagen
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{Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system will result in the production of the following type of saliva -Viscous saliva with high organic material + Watery saliva with low organic material -Watery saliva with high organic material -Viscous saliva with low organic material
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{The following description best characterizes which cell type? Located inside the basal lamina of secretory units, dendritic arms, flat nuclei. -Serous -Mucus + Myoepithelial -Neuron
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{ Na-K-ATPase pumps are found in which of the following ducts? + Striated Intralobular -Intercalated Intralobular -Lumen of secretory unit -Extralobular
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{Which of the following glands is responsible for the majority (70%) of saliva production? -Sublingual + Submandibular -Palatine Tonsils -Parotid
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{Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT innervate the taste buds? -VII -IX -X + XI
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{Which of the following layers forms the pyloric sphincter of the stomach? -inner oblique + middle circumferential -muscularis mucosa -outer longitudinal
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{H+ ions in the gastric lumen are derived from... -HCO3- + H2O -H2O2 -HCl
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{All of the following can be found in the villi except? -lamina propria -capillary plexus + myenteric plexus -lacteals -smooth muscle
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{Which organ is not covered, at least in part, by serosa? -abdominal esophagus -duodenum -appendix + anal canal -stomach
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{Intestinal glands are? -evaginations of villi epithelium + mucosal invaginations between villous bases -mucosal invaginations of villi epithelium -gross folds of the mucosal layer
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{The pancreas is both exocrine and endocrine functions. Which statement best describes their respective functions? -Exocrine produces hormones; Endocrine produces enzymes + Exocrine produces enzymes; Endocrine produces hormones -Exocrine produces enzymes and hormones; Endocrine produces hormones -Exocrine produces hormones; Endocrine produces enzymes and hormones
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{Which of the following does NOT regulate exocrine functions of the pancreas? -cholocystokinin -parasympathetic nervous system + aldosterone -secretin
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{Kupffer cells... -secrete intrinsic factor, H+ and Cl- -control GI tract motility and secretion -form serous glands to cleanse tongue taste buds + degrade hemoglobin into bilirubin
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{Oxygen rich and oxygen poor/nutrient rich blood mix in the liver in the? -portal tract + sinusoid -portal hepatis -central vein
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{Respiratory epithelium is... -stratified columar with cilia and goblet cells -stratified cuboidal with cilia and goblet cells + pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells -pseudostratified cuboidal with cilia and goblet cells
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{Bronchial veins... -carry oxygen poor through connective tissue to the lung -carry oxygen poor blood along the bronchial tree to capillary plexus -carry oxygen rich blood through the connective tissue toward the heart + don't exist
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{All of the following laryngeal cartilages are made of hyaline cartilage except? + epiglottis -thyroid -cricoid -corniculates -cuneiforms
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{Which of the following is NOT a main function of the kidney? - removal of creatinine - erythropoietin production + aldosterone production - secretion of water and electrolytes
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{Which of the following best describes a renal lobule? - A renal pyramid and cortex - A grouping of renal lobes + Collection of straight tubes draining into one collecting duct -Nephrons grouped around a single medullary ray - The basic functional and structural unit of the kidney
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{Medullary rays are found in which portion of the kidney? - Renal medulla + Renal cortex - Renal pelvis - Glomerulus - Bowman's capsule
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{Podocyte cell bodies are found in which layer? + Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule - Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule - Epithelium of proximal convoluted tubules - Epithelium of distal convoluted tubules
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{In the presence of Anti Diuretic Hormone which of the following is TRUE? - The thin descending limb becomes impermeable to water - The thin ascending limb becomes permeable to water - Urinary output is increased + Arterial blood pressure is increased
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{Which cell type is responsible for the production and release of renin? + specialized smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole - specialized smooth muscle cells in the wall of the efferent arteriole - modified distal tubule cells - mesangial cells
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{An overactive renin-angiotensin system leads to which of the following? + vasoconstriction, retention of sodium and water - vasoconstriction, release of sodium and water -vasodilation, retention of sodium and water -vasodilation, release of sodium and water
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{ Aldosterone is produced in which of the following? - Adrenal medulla + Adrenal cortex - Pituitary gland - Liver
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{ All of the following are TRUE except? - The kidneys lie retroperitoneal between T12 and L3 - The ureter exits the kidney at the renal hilus - The parietal layer of Bowman's capsule has a simple squamous epithelium - Aldosterone causes increased expression of ENaC genes + The distal convoluted tubule reduces 80% of initial filtrate volume
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{The salt gradient in the kidney is -2 fold + 6 fold -12 fold -20 fold
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{ The contents of Bowman's space (urinary space) includes? - urine - blood + ultrafiltrate -filtrate
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{Which of the following is responsible for the MAJORITY of filtration in the kidney? + the basal lamina of endothelial cells -the interdigitated foot processes of podocytes - the fenestrated endothelium -the striated border of the proximal tubule
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{Which of the following cells is INCORRECTLY matched to it's effect? - juxtaglomerular cells - aldosterone release - parietal cells - B12 absorption + centroacinar cells - lipid digestion - duodenal APUD cells - acid neutralization - clara cells - regeneration of bronchiolar epithelium
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{The tunica albuiginia layer of the ovary borders which layers? - epithelium and medulla + epithelium and cortex - cortex and medulla - medulla only
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{ In the 3rd month of ovary development the oocyte enters which phase before development arrests? + prophase I of meiosis - prophase II of meiosis - prophase of mitosis - metaphase
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Section 2
{ A 120 micrometer ovarian follicle with stratified cuboidal epithelium, a thick zona pellucida, and surrounded by stroma cells would be in which phase of the ovarian cycle? - primordial follicle - primary unilaminar follicle - graafian follicle + primary multilaminar follicle - secondary antral follicle
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{ All of the following statements regarding atretic follicles are TRUE except? - they are consumed by macrophages - are invaded by fibroblasts -contain oocytes + become the corpus luteum
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{ The oocyte completes the first meitotic division during which phase? - luteal phase of pregnancy + ovulatory phase - follicular phase -fertilization
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{ During the luteal phase, progesterone is responsible for all of the following except? + liberation of the oocyte from a mature follicle - stopping development of immature follicles - inhibition of LH release - stimulation of uterine endometrium to become secretory
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{ Fertilization normally occurs in which portion of the oviduct? -infundibulum + ampulla - isthmus - intramural
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{ Plica palmitae can be found in which space? -Introitus - exocervix + endocervix - vaginal canal
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{ Which of the following statements regarding the vagina is incorrect? - transverse rugae are grossly visible - there is no muscularis mucosa + the wall contains numerous secretory glands - has a nonkeratanized stratified squamous epithelium
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{Place the portions of the mammary duct in order beginning with the secretory unit and ending with ejection. + intralobular, interlobular, proper, lactiferous sinus, galactophore - proper, intralobular, interlobular, lactiferous sinus, galactophore - interlobular, intralobular, proper, lactiferous sinus, galactophore - galactophore, lactiferous sinus, proper, intralobular, interlobular
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{Sertoli cells in the testis are responsible for which of the following? - aiding in the movement of spermatazoa along the seminiferous tubule + isolation of spermatogenic cells from the immune system - macromolecular filtration between interstitial cells and seminiferous epithelium - maintenance of structural integrity of the seminiferous tubules
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{ The "mitochondrial sheath" is found in which segment of the mature spermatazoa? - axoneme - principal piece + middle piece - head - fibrous sheath
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{Secondary spermatocytes are formed from primary spermatocytes after undergoing which process? - spermiogenesis - mitosis + meiosis I - meiosis II
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{ Which of the following statements regarding spermatogenesis is FALSE? - formation of spermatazoa takes 64 days - the primary spermatocyte is tetraploid - Ap cells are diploid + spermatids divide to form spermatozoa
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{ Which section of the genital duct system is responsible for the resorption of potassium-bicarbonate fluid from the seminiferous tubules? - ductus epididymis + ductus efferentes - ductus deferens - rete testis
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{ Which component of the testis is incorrectly matched to it's contribution to semen? - seminal vesicle -- fructose - prostate -- acid phosphatase and proteinases + bulbourethral gland -- buffers to vaginal acidity - epididymis -- spermatazoa
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{ The deep penile artery is immediately surrounded by which tissue? + corpus cavernosum - corpus spongiosum - tunica albuginea - tunica vaginalis
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{The most common site of benign prostatic hypertrophy is the? - central zone (submuscosal) + transition zone (mucosal) - peripheral zone (main) - corpora amylacea
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{The principal storage area for sperm is the? - ductus deferens - ductuli efferentes - ejaculatory duct + ductus epididymidis
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Section 3
{New rounds of spermatogenesis start every how many days? - 4 + 16 - 30 - 64
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{All of the following are characteristics of endocrine glands except? - originate from cord of cells derived from parent epithelium - produce hormones spread via the blood - can be both multi or unicellular + connecting cords canalize into ducts
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{The neurohypophisis is derived from which of the following? - median eminence - Rathke’s Pouch + diencephalon - oral ectoderm
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{The hypophisis receives oxygenate blood from which source? + internal carotid artery - external carotid artery - vertebral artery - A and C
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{All of the following are considered “chromophils” except? - corticotrophs + somatotrophs - thyrotrophs - gonadotrophs
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{ Which of the following statements about the Pars Nervosa is INCORRECT? - it is formed of unmylenated axons and pituicytes - Herring Bodies are axon terminals swollen with accumulated hormones - neurons of supraoptic nuclei synthesize secretions that produce hypertonic urine + neurons of paraventricular nuclei synthesize secretions that are responsible for smooth muscle relaxation
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{The target tissue for somatrophs is? - adrenal cortex - heart + liver - adrenal medulla
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{The adrenal cortex is derived from? - neural crest - ectoderm - endoderm + mesoderm
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{ The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex is responsible for which actions? + accentuation of male appearance and development - regulation of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism - maintenance of electrolyte and water balance - aldosterone production
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{ Which of the following best describes the effects of catecholamines? - mimics parasympathetic effects but has longer length actions - mimics parasympathetic effects but has shorter length actions + mimics sympathetic effects but has longer length actions - mimics sympathetic effects but has shorter length actions
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{The thyroid gland synthesizes all of the following EXCEPT? - Thyroxine - Triiodothyronine + iodide - calcitonin
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{ Which of these chromophils is inhibited by hormonal control? (other than feedback inhibition) - thyrotrophs + somatotrophs - corticotrophs - gonadotrophs
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{What effects would ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) have on the zona glomerulosa? - stimulate release of aldosterone - stimulate the production of small quantities of androgens - stimulate production of glucocorticoids for metabolism regulation + ACTH would have no effect
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{Which of the following endocrine relationships is incorrect? - calcitonin produced by parafollicular cells decreases blood calcium + parathyroid hormone is secreted from oxyphil cells in the parathyroid gland - the thyroid gland produces triiodothyronine in response to TSH - the zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex regulates metabolism with cortisol and corticosterone
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{ Which amino acid absorbs UV light? - histadine + tyrosine - glutamate - methionine
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{Which of the following is INCORRECT with regards to a zwitterion? - highly water soluable - low solubility in organic solvents + nonpolar - compound is electrically neutral
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{Increased CO2 concentration in the bicarbonate buffer system in humans will result in? - decreased H2CO3 concentration - no pH change - increase in pH + decrease in pH
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{The alpha helix secondary structure is - kinked via the addition of alanine - found exclusively in globular proteins + maintained by hydrogen bonds - a left handed spiral
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{Which amino acid is charged? + glutamate - glutamine - isoluecine - methionine
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{Which amino acid is nonpolar? - serine - lysine + alanine - apartate
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{Which amino acid is aromatic? - valine + tyrosine - lysine - threonine
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{ Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? - enzymes tend not to form a multitude of products + enzymes increase reaction rate by shifting the equilibrium constant - the presence of certain enzymes can indicate disease - once an enzyme has catalyzed a reaction it returns to its original state
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{ A complete catalytically active enzyme conjugated to its prosthetic group is called? + holoenzyme - apoenzyme - coenzyme - transitional enzyme
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{Which type of reaction is catalyzed by lyases? - transfer of electrons - transfer of functional groups to water + addition of groups to double bonds or reverse - transfer of groups within molecules to yield isomeric forms
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{What is the velocity of the reaction if Vmax = 100 umol/ml*sec  Km = 2mM  and substrate concentration is equal to 20mM? - 5.5 umol/ml * sec - 4.5 umol/ml * sec + 91 umol/ml * sec - 125 umol/ml * sec
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{At pH 7.4, what is the net charge on the peptide shown below? NH2-ala-val-leu-ser-asn-glu-asp-lys-COOH - +1 - +2 - "0" + -1 - -2
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{ At pH 7.4 what is the net charge on the peptide below? NH2-val-val-asp-arg-thr-tyr-COOH - +1 - +2 + "0" --1 --2
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{ Gel-Filtration chromatography separates proteins on the basis of? - specific affinity interactions - ionic charge + size, with larger proteins moving faster - size, with smaller proteins moving faster
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{ Which of the following diseases is not related to collagen? - scurvy + gout - ehlers-danlos syndrome - osteogenesis imperfecta
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{ The protein/lipid ratio in erythrocyte plasma membranes is? - 5 -3.6 + 1.1 -0.5
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{Which is the most abundant lipid in plasma membranes? - glycolipids - sterols -sphingolipids + phospholipids
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{ Kinks in unsaturated acyl chains of phospholipids are caused by the presence of? - leucine - cholesterol + double bonds between carbons - esterification of the phosphate group with an alcohol
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{Cholesterol is considered an amphipathic molecule because of? + the hydrophobic tail and polar hydroxyl head - the hydrophobic tail and non polar hydroxyl head - the rigid ring structure of the hydrocarbon tail - it's ability to hydrogen bond with polar phospholipids heads
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{ Genetic abnormalities in the structure of spectrin would result in? - emphysema + anaemia - cystic fibrosis - retinal degeneration
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{Which of the following statements regarding 2,3BPG is INCORRECT? - conditions such as congestive heart failure will result in RBC producing more 2,3 BPG - fetal Hb has a higher affinity for oxygen than 2,3 BPG - 2,3 BPG stabilizes the "T" state of Hb + 2,3 BPG regulates oxygen binding via competitive inhibition
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{ In an example of (pure) noncompetitive inhibition... - the inhibitor can be overcome by high substrate concentration + the Lineweaver plot Y-intercept increases - Km decreases - substrate competes with inhibitor for the enzyme active site
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{Which amino acid substitution at the sixth residue of the B-globin polypeptide would result in sickle cell disease? + val - asn - ser -thr
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{Given the following for the next two questions: Km Substrate A      Km Substrate B        Enzyme 1        4*10-4  M               5*10-5 Enzyme 2       1*10-4  M               2*10-2 If the concentration of substrate A is equal to 10-3 M and the substrate B concentration equals 5*10-6 M, which is the rate limiting substrate?

- Enzyme 1 - Enzyme 2 - Substrate A + Substrate B {Which enzyme-substrate relationship has the highest affinity? - Enzyme 1 – Substrate A + Enzyme 1 – Substrate B - Enzyme 2 – Substrate A - Enzyme 2 – Substrate B
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{P-type ATPases are an example of? +  primary active transport -   secondary active transport -   passive diffusion -  non-saturable transport {Facilitated diffusion… -  is faster than simple diffusion and non-saturable + is faster than simple diffusion and saturable -   is slower than simple diffusion and non-saturable -  is slower than simple diffusion and saturable {If the concentration of O2 on side A of a cellular membrane is 50 units and the concentration on side B is 20 units, which statement is TRUE regarding the diffusion of oxygen from side A to side B? -  diffusion requires facilitation by ATPases -   diffusion requires secondary active transport +   diffusion will occur spontaneously and passively -  diffusion is only possible through an antiporter { Ionophores function via which of the following mechanisms? -  utilizes an ion gradient generated via primary active transport -   hydrolyzes ATP to transport ions +    has two forms of markedly different hydrophobicity -  is a selective, fixed opening in the membrane allowing ions to freely diffuse according to concentration/charge gradient {Which of the following is not a characteristic of voltage gated channels? -  voltage sensitive -   can rapidly inactivate -   allow rapid diffusion +   low selectivity of ions
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Section 4
{Which type of capillary can one find in the glomerulus? -Continuous (somatic) -Fenestrated (with diaphragms) +Fenestrated (without diaphragms) -Discontinous (sinusoidal)
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{Which type of capillary can one find in the rest of the kidney? -Continuous (somatic) +Fenestrated (with diaphragms) -Fenestrated (without diaphragms) -Discontinous (sinusoidal)
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{Which type of capillary can one find in the endocrine glands? -Continuous (somatic) +Fenestrated (with diaphragms) -Fenestrated (without diaphragms) -Discontinous (sinusoidal)
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{Which type of capillary can one find in the exocrine glands? +Continuous (somatic) -Fenestrated (with diaphragms) -Fenestrated (without diaphragms) -Discontinous (sinusoidal)
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{Which type of capillary can one find in the liver? -Continuous (somatic) -Fenestrated (with diaphragms) -Fenestrated (without diaphragms) +Discontinous (sinusoidal)
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